George Kennan by John Lewis Gaddis is a very well written book that all should read for knowledge, and because it is relevant to the challenges we are facing today with the Russian relationship. This is why Soviet purposes most always be solemnly clothed in trappings of Marxism, and why no one should underrate importance of dogma in Soviet affairs. His father was a lawyer, but his mother died shortly after his birth due to a burst appendix. (To cable a message more than 5,000 words long from Moscow to Washington was highly unusual, showing the urgency of the report). Then Communist opposition becomes particularly shrill and savage. In his text, Kennan outlined Soviet belief and practice and proposed the policy of 'containment,' making the telegram a key document in the history of the Cold War. Second, please note that premises on which this party line is based are for most part simply not true. Soviet internal system will now be subjected, by virtue of recent territorial expansions, to series of additional strains which once proved severe tax on Tsardom. Found insideAlways sympathetic to the Russian people and culture, which the later Soviet leaders appreciated, Kennan was able to welcome the new non-Communist Russia into a more peaceable relationship with the democracies that ended the Cold War. February 22nd marks 75 years since George F. Kennan sent his famous "Long Telegram" to the State Department in which he provided an assessment of the Soviet Union that led to the U.S. containment policy of the Cold War. Actions taken on different planes will differ considerably, but will dovetail into each other in purpose, timing and effect. Thus we may expect to find Soviets asking for admission everywhere to trusteeship or similar arrangements and using levers thus acquired to weaken Western influence among such peoples. In addition, it has an elaborate and far flung apparatus for exertion of its influence in other countries, an apparatus of amazing flexibility and versatility, managed by people whose experience and skill in underground methods are presumably without parallel in history. Soviet policy, as Department implies in its query under reference, is conducted on two planes: (1) official plane represented by actions undertaken officially in name of Soviet Government; and (2) subterranean plane of actions undertaken by agencies for which Soviet Government does not admit responsibility. Washington could do worse than reflect on the wisdom, profundity, and erudition of George Kennan's Long Telegram. Latter are, by and large, friendly to outside world, eager for experience of it, eager to measure against it talents they are conscious of possessing, eager above all to live in peace and enjoy fruits of their own labor. George Kennan sends “long telegram” to State Department, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/george-kennan-sends-long-telegram-to-state-department. It was no coincidence that Marxism, which had smoldered ineffectively for half a century in Western Europe, caught hold and blazed for first time in Russia. Thus, persons who are financially independent--such as individual businessmen, estate owners, successful farmers, artisans and all those who exercise local leadership or have local prestige, such as popular local clergymen or political figures, are anathema. That, however, will be underlying policy. Many foreign peoples, in Europe at least, are tired and frightened by experiences of past, and are less interested in abstract freedom than in security. In February 1946, Kennan authored a lengthy analysis commonly called the Long Telegram. Latter motive is not lacking, but for this Soviets prefer to rely on other channels than official trusteeship arrangements. The conference increased the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States. How did the Long Telegram influence American attitudes policy towards the Soviet Union? (b) Soviet efforts, and those of Russia's friends abroad, must be directed toward deepening and exploiting of differences and conflicts between capitalist powers. On February 22 . In 1946, while he was Chargé d'Affaires in Moscow, Kennan sent an 8,000-word telegram to the Department—the now-famous "long telegram"—on the aggressive nature of Stalin's foreign policy. And while latter are being encouraged to seek independence of Western Powers, Soviet dominated puppet political machines will be undergoing preparation to take over domestic power in respective colonial areas when independence is achieved. 6-6. In this we need not be deterred by [ugliness?] After establishment of Bolshevist regime, Marxist dogma, rendered even more truculent and intolerant by Lenin's interpretation, became a perfect vehicle for sense of insecurity with which Bolsheviks, even more than previous Russian rulers, were afflicted. These are more dangerous than out-and-out reactionaries, for latter at least march under their true colors, whereas moderate left-wing leaders confuse people by employing devices of socialism to seine interests of reactionary capital. There is nothing as dangerous or as terrifying as the unknown. On official plane we must look for following: (a) Internal policy devoted to increasing in every way strength and prestige of Soviet state: intensive military-industrialization; maximum development of armed forces; great displays to impress outsiders; continued secretiveness about internal matters, designed to conceal weaknesses and to keep opponents in dark. It has yet to be demonstrated that it can survive supreme test of successive transfer of power from one individual or group to another. Whereas formerly foreign Communist Parties represented a curious (and from Moscow's standpoint often inconvenient) mixture of conspiracy and legitimate activity, now the conspiratorial element has been neatly concentrated in inner circle and ordered underground, while rank and file--no longer even taken into confidence about realities of movement--are thrust forward as bona fide internal partisans of certain political tendencies within their respective countries, genuinely innocent of conspiratorial connection with foreign states. -The Truman Doctrine was a containment strategy in preventing any further expansion of Soviet power and influence. Weren't France and Italy still raw after their wartime experiences and looking towards communism? 75 years ago, George Kennan, an American diplomat living in Moscow, sent an 8,000-word telegram to President Truman's State Department. Only in certain countries where communists are numerically strong do they now regularly appear and act as a body. US supplies, including trucks, had helped the Soviets weather the storm of Nazi attacks and then push them right back to Berlin. But I would like to record my conviction that problem is within our power to solve--and that without recourse to any general military conflict.. And in support of this conviction there are certain observations of a more encouraging nature I should like to make: (1) Soviet power, unlike that of Hitlerite Germany, is neither schematic nor adventunstic. The then-forty-two-year-old Kennan, a career foreign service officer, wired back a 5,000-word reply— the Long Telegram. Varies. In the aftermath, he ...read more, Spanish minister Do Luis de Onis and U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams sign the Florida Purchase Treaty, in which Spain agrees to cede the remainder of its old province of Florida to the United States. In atmosphere of oriental secretiveness and conspiracy which pervades this Government, possibilities for distorting or poisoning sources and currents of information are infinite. Spanish colonization of the Florida peninsula began at St. Augustine ...read more, The American war effort in Vietnam was hit hard by the North Vietnamese Tet Offensive, which ended on February 22, 1968. After Al, the greatest danger that can befall us in coping with this problem of Soviet communism, is that we shall allow ourselves to become like those with whom we are coping. The USSR was a murderous dictatorship under Stalin, and they occupied a swathe of Eastern Europe and wished to turn it into a series of buffer, vassal states. As to how this approach should be made, I only wish to advance, by way of conclusion, following comments: (1) Our first step must be to apprehend, and recognize for what it is, the nature of the movement with which we are dealing. A wide variety of national associations or bodies which can be dominated or influenced by such penetration. But he was also an architect of the Marshall Plan, a prizewinning . 6. answer to this question five parts, subjects of which will be roughly as follows: (1) Basic features of post-war Soviet outlook. Party line only represents thesis which official propaganda machine puts forward with great skill and persistence to a public often remarkably resistant in the stronghold of its innermost thoughts. Otherwise I think it possible Soviet foreign trade may be restricted largely to Soviet's own security sphere, including occupied areas in Germany, and that a cold official shoulder may be turned to principle of general economic collaboration among nations. Answer to Dept's 284, Feb 3 [13] involves questions so intricate, so delicate, so strange to our form of thought, and so important to analysis of our international . 11 Kennan, George Frost, 'Telegram to George C. Marshall (The "Long Telegram")' (22.2.1946) . Kennan was working at that time at the American Embassy in the Soviet Union. John Lukacs describes the development and the essence of Kennan's thinking; the—perhaps unavoidable—misinterpretations of his advocacies; his self-imposed task as a leading realist critic during the Cold War; and the importance of his ... Sixty-one years after he wrote it, George Kennan's prescient "long telegram" on cold war containment continues to raise temperatures. 10 Mayers, p.99. It should therefore be relatively easy to combat it by any intelligent and really constructive program. It was feared that, if Soviet expansionism was left unchecked, it would spread over great areas of the globe. As far as official line is concerned, position is not yet clear. In Russia, party has now become a great and--for the moment--highly successful apparatus of dictatorial administration, but it has ceased to be a source of emotional inspiration. Nevertheless, all these theses, however baseless and disproven, are being boldly put forward again today. (Sometimes, two of these elements are present in a single case. Hadn't Russia now spread to the east of Europe? Washington, D.C., February 22, 2021 - Leading Soviet reformer Alexander Yakovlev discussed with George Kennan his "X Article" that grew out of the famous Long Telegram in a previously unpublished October 1990 meeting in Moscow; and Kennan actually dictated the Long Telegram while laid up in bed with the flu, a sinus condition, and a foul mood, according to documents and transcripts posted . If these eventually deepen into an "imperialist" war, this war must be turned into revolutionary upheavals within the various capitalist countries. Kennan’s analysis provided one of the most influential underpinnings for America’s Cold War policy of containment. The Charge in the Soviet Union (Kennan) to the Secretary of State, Moscow, February 22, 1946--9 p.m. [Received February 22--3: 52 p.m.]. The telegram was prompted by US inquiries about Soviet behavior, especially with regards to their refusal to join the newly created World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Press cannot do this alone. February 28, 1948. (c) Russians will participate officially in international organizations where they see opportunity of extending Soviet power or of inhibiting or diluting power of others. (g) Among negative elements of bourgeois-capitalist society, most dangerous of all are those whom Lenin called false friends of the people, namely moderate-socialist or social-democratic leaders (in other words, non-Communist left-wing). Created: November 20th, 2012 at 10:01 pm. And unless we do, Russians certainly will. What was the long telegram written by George Kennan? This is admittedly not a pleasant picture. 4. International organizations which can be similarly penetrated through influence over various national components. As a rule they are used to penetrate, and to influence or dominate, as case may be, other organizations less likely to be suspected of being tools of Soviet Government, with a view to accomplishing their purposes through [apparent omission] organizations, rather than by direct action as a separate political party. What was the impact of the Kennan telegram? In order to keep nations away from the communist bloc, the US-supported some terrible governments, and engineered the fall of democratically elected socialist ones. Telegram, George Kennan to George Marshall ["Long Telegram"], February 22, 1946. Resentment among dependent peoples will be stimulated. The US should move to help countries at risk from communism by propping them up with the economic, political, military, and cultural aid they needed to stay out of the Soviet sphere. The telegram was prompted by US inquiries about Soviet behavior, especially with regards to their refusal to join the newly created World Bank and International Monetary Fund. As long as UNO is considered here to serve this purpose, Soviets will remain with it. importance, particularly in view of recent events, that our answers to them, if they deserve attention at all, seem to me to Continentals, including Germans, will be taught to abhor both Anglo-Saxon powers. The "X Article" is an article, formally titled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct", written by George F. Kennan under the pseudonym "X", published in the July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs magazine.The article widely introduced the term "containment" and advocated for its strategic use against the Soviet Union.The piece expanded on ideas expressed by Kennan in a confidential February 1946 telegram . Although Kennan was close to his older sisters, he was not at all close to his father or step-mother. The name 'long' derives from the telegram's 8000-word length. Sadly, we cannot expect one from the spiritual heirs of Barack Obama and Jimmy Carter. For it, the vast fund of objective fact about human society is not, as with us, the measure against which outlook is constantly being tested and re-formed, but a grab bag from which individual items are selected arbitrarily and tendenciously to bolster an outlook already preconceived. In one of the most dramatic upsets in Olympic history, the underdog U.S. hockey team, made up of college players, defeats the four-time defending gold-medal winning Soviet team at the XIII Olympic Winter Games in Lake Placid, New York. For those reasons I think we may approach calmly and with good heart problem of how to deal with Russia. On February 22 . Containment remained US policy throughout the Cold War, ending in 1991, but discussed as something to be reborn when it came to US rivals ever since. Finally, it is seemingly inaccessible to considerations of reality in its basic reactions. Though the North Vietnamese death toll was 20 times that of its ...read more. For this reason they have always feared foreign penetration, feared direct contact between Western world and their own, feared what would happen if Russians learned truth about world without or if foreigners learned truth about world within. Indicate paragraph separation by indenting the first line rather than adding additional space. Bulloch was born ...read more, On February 22, 1917, Sergeant Benito Mussolini is wounded by the accidental explosion of a mortar bomb on the Isonzo section of the Italian Front in World War I. Harry S. Truman Administration File, Elsey Papers. But I cannot see what we would be risking. In 1946, while he was Chargé d'Affaires in Moscow, Kennan sent an 8,000-word telegram to the Department—the now-famous "long telegram"—on the aggressive nature of Stalin's foreign policy. Nor is it fair to deny success of their efforts to improve conditions for working population whenever, as in Scandinavia, they have been given chance to show what they could do. To this was added, as Russia came into contact with economically advanced West, fear of more competent, more powerful, more highly organized societies in that area. It was the largest such theft in British history. In February 1946, the diplomat George Kennan — then serving as charge d'affaires at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow — authored a 5,000-word telegram analyzing the sources of Soviet conduct and laying out the case for what would become the Cold War strategy of containment. We have maintained the author's preferred title for the work, The Longer Telegram, given the author's aspiration to provide a similarly durable and actionable approach to China. Examines the history of the Cold War, reflecting Soviet, East European, Chinese, American, and West European viewpoints, and offering new insights and solutions to long-standing puzzles It does not work by fixed plans. George Kennan, the American charge d'affaires in Moscow, sends an 8,000-word telegram to the Department of State detailing his views on the Soviet Union, and U.S. policy toward the communist state. Today, foreign policy leaders have attempted to exhume the memory of Kennan's Long Telegram to evoke comparisons with our own confrontation with the Communist Party of China. "The . Overview. The Charge in the Soviet Union (Kennan) to the Secretary of State. The Cold War, in turn, saw various conflicts, scores of covert operations, regime changes, and a nuclear arms race. The " long telegram " was a confidential document sent by the American diplomat George Frost Kennan in 1946. deserve it at once. March 4, 2021, 3:29 PM. George Kennan, the American charge d'affaires in Moscow, sends an 8,000-word telegram to the Department of State detailing his views on the Soviet Union, and U.S. policy toward the communist state. He is the author of the History in an Afternoon textbook series. 5. Actual manifestations of Soviet policy in this respect will be restricted to arid channels of closely shepherded official visits and functions, with superabundance of vodka and speeches and dearth of permanent effects.
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